
Raw surface water carries sand, clay, colloids, humic matter, algae, and other fines. These particles make water turbid, overload filters, and interfere with disinfection. For…
Alum is usually discussed as a water-treatment coagulant. Nevertheless, it also serves as an aluminum-bearing feedstock in selected chemical manufacturing and formulation work. Its stable…
In papermaking, the word “alum” needs an immediate clarification. In industrial paper mills, it almost always means aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃), not potassium alum. Potassium alum…
Textile dyeing wastewater is notoriously difficult to treat. It carries dyes, fibers, sizing agents, surfactants, auxiliaries, suspended solids, and colloids — usually with high color…
Alum and other aluminum salts have been used in leather and hide processing for centuries. Today, however, they are most relevant to alum tawing, fur…