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PAC can be useful when stormwater contains fine particles that settle poorly or phosphorus that can be transferred into removable solids. However, it needs a…

Before neutralizing acidic and alkaline wastewater, ask whether valuable chemicals can be kept out of the mixed waste stream. A concentrated, well-characterized stream may offer…

Reliable wastewater neutralization and pH control require more than an initial pH reading and a reagent pump. Determine the stream’s neutralizing demand, allow adequate reaction…

Reducing residual aluminum in PAC treatment starts with identifying what remains in the water. If fine aluminum-containing flocs are escaping, separation performance needs attention. If…

To choose the right PAC grade, start with the water and the treatment target. A specification that works well for one plant may need a…

If you are new to water treatment, Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) is the coagulant most plants reach for first. It is fast, flexible, and works…

Drilling, bored piling, diaphragm walls, and pipe jacking all share one hidden problem: the excavated soil has to stay suspended, travel through a pipe, and…

Natural organic matter and its disinfection by-products (DBPs) are critical considerations in drinking water treatment. Natural organic matter (NOM) is the mix of decaying plant…

Nutrient pollution is one of the most common forms of water degradation worldwide. It happens when excess nitrogen and phosphorus enter rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries,…

Some water problems you can see or smell. Sensory pollutants are the substances and conditions that make water look colored, taste off, smell bad, look…

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)** are one of the fastest-growing water-quality concerns. They include prescription and over-the-counter drugs, hormones, fragrances, disinfectants, detergents, preservatives, and…

Thermal pollution** is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature. The main cause is industrial cooling-water discharge — water…